Essential Information At a minimum, applicants for the Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) certification need postsecondary training in computer networking, such as an associate's or bachelor's degree in networking or network management. Both programs allow for classroom instruction and industry-specific training as well as hands-on training through internships and computer laboratory work. Applicants for these programs need to have a high school diploma or equivalent and sometimes minimum work experience is also required. Most CCIE candidates begin their careers as computer support specialists as well as work their way up to administrative positions. Some degree programs are affiliated with the Cisco Networking Academy. I would say that if you wish to practice on the real-world CCIE Lab Equipments, you should opt for the CCIE Lab Training Offered at the SPOTO Club. There are no formal prerequisites required for applicants to take the CCIE exam outside of possessing a high school diploma. However, before candidates take the CCIE exam, Cisco recommends they possess at least three to five years of experience in networking. Private study or training workshops can provide the skills that applicants need to pass the CCIE examinations.  Associate's Degree Programs in Applied Science in Computer Networking Associate's degree programs in computer networking generally take students two years to complete. Students learn how to install and maintain networks for computer systems. In addition to general education classes, students take classes that include the following: Network security Introduction to networking Computer repair classes Cisco networking academy classes Computer ethics UNIX for networking Bachelor's Degree Programs of Science in Network Management Bachelor's degree programs in network management generally require four years of study, with some colleges and universities offering the degree program online. Students gain leadership, communication and decision-making skills needed to become CCIE certified. Before they graduate, students learn how to connect local networks to the Internet. Typical courses within a baccalaureate program include: Networking foundations PC components Operating systems Emerging technologies Database management systems Employment Outlook and Salary Information According to Cisco, less than 3% of all its certified individuals and less than 1% of all networking professionals worldwide reach the CCIE level (www.cisco.com). Most companies refer to CCIE employees as network architects or engineers who design company networks. Applicants need 8-10 years of experience in the IT field, including 4-5 years in the networking environment. They must have completed several network designs with prior employers. Candidates need a strong background in wireless security protocols, local area network (LAN) switching and topology layering. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), www.bls.gov, employment growth for network and computer systems administrators will be 8% - about as fast as the average rate - from 2014-2024. This same decade the outlook for job growth among database administrators will be 11%, which is faster than average. As of May 2015, the BLS reports that the median annual income for network and computer systems administrators to be $77,810, and the median annual wage for database administrators to be $81,710.  Continuing Education As with most computer-related careers, CCIE candidates must stay current with updates to technology. Additionally, Cisco may update its software, so applicants must pay attention to which version the company is using for any of its laboratory exams. Very few people earn CCIE certification, yet many who do usually earned an Associate of Applied Science in Computer Networking and/or a Bachelor of Science in Network Management. These degrees helped prepare them for the CCIE exam as well as jobs where they earned valuable experience needed for CCIE certification. So, here were some minimum CCIE requirements to clear the exam. Along with these, it is recommended to have good and reliable study dumps, which you could gain at the SPOTO Club.  

The Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) 200-301 exam is a foundational step for networking professionals, encompassing a wide range of essential networking concepts. This article provides a glossary of key terms and topics covered in the CCNA exam, shedding light on their significance in the networking field. I. Key Concepts of the Cisco CCNA Certification Network Fundamentals: Covers the basics of networking, including models, protocols, and technologies. OSI Model: A seven-layer framework used to understand data transmission over a network. TCP/IP Model: A four-layer model describing data transmission over the Internet. IP Addressing: Techniques for identifying and locating devices on a network. Subnetting: Dividing a larger network into smaller, more manageable subnetworks. Routing: Directing data packets from one network to another. Switching: Managing data traffic within a network. VLANs: Virtual Local Area Networks that segment network devices logically. Wireless Networking: Data transmission using radio waves. Network Security: Protecting networks from unauthorized access through various methods. Network Management: Overseeing and maintaining network performance and reliability. Network Troubleshooting: Diagnosing and resolving network problems. II. The Cost of the CCNA Exam The CCNA exam fee is set at $300 plus applicable taxes. Businesses can also use Cisco Learning Credits to purchase the exam, providing a flexible option for employees to utilize these credits on Cisco's platform based on individual or organizational needs. For those looking to offset costs, consider discussing with your employer the possibility of company sponsorship for the CCNA certification, including both the exam fees and preparation resources. III. Exam Content of the Cisco CCNA The 200-301 CCNA exam, with a duration of 120 minutes, is offered in English and Japanese. The exam encompasses various areas: Network fundamentals: Includes wireless, virtualization, and switching basics; networking components; network topology architectures; interfaces and cabling; IPv4 and IPv6 configuration. Network access: VLAN configuration, interswitch connectivity, Layer 2 protocols, EtherChannel, Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol, and WLAN access. IP connectivity: Covers routing tables, static routing, OSPFv2, and first-hop redundancy protocols. IP services: NAT, NTP, DHCP, DNS, SNMP, syslog, and TFTP/FTP. Security fundamentals: Layer 2 security, wireless security, access control lists, and threat mitigation. Automation and programmability: Contrasting traditional and controller-based networks, automation concepts, and JSON data interpretation. IV. Earning the CCNA Certification To achieve the CCNA certification, candidates must pass the 200-301 exam offered by Cisco. While there are no formal prerequisites, candidates often have at least a year's experience with Cisco solutions, a working understanding of IP addressing, and basic network knowledge. The CCNA certification, since its inception, has become a coveted entry-level network certification, demonstrating proficiency in TCP/IP, the OSI model, routing, switching, WAN technologies, and Cisco device configuration. It's a sought-after credential for professionals aiming for career advancement or deepening their networking knowledge. However, mastering the CCNA certification is challenging, as Cisco regularly updates the exam to maintain its rigor and relevance. Success in the exam often requires multiple attempts, and failure can be costly and disheartening. V. Upcoming Changes to the CCNA Exam According to Cisco's certification roadmap, the CCNA 200-301 exam will undergo a review before any structural changes are made. We expect a new CCNA exam release in 2024, likely in summer or fall, following Cisco's timeline: Review of CCNA 200-301 from February to April 2024. Announcement of changes to the syllabus between May and July 2024. Release of the new CCNA exam between August and October 2024. These dates are tentative and may change. There's also a possibility that Cisco might not make any revisions to the current 200-301 exam, which would mean no update to the CCNA exam in 2024. The next scheduled review for the CCNA is planned for February to April 2024. VI. The Importance of Cisco CCNA Certification for Your Career Cisco, a leader in networking technologies, offers certifications that are highly valued in the industry. The CCNA certification, in particular, is a testament to possessing the necessary skills and knowledge for a career in networking. The current 200-301 exam covers key networking fundamentals, including: IPv4 subnetting. Configuration and basics of Cisco NAT. Setting up network VLANs across servers, switches, and wireless access points. Designing, configuring, and testing security protocols for wireless networks. Identifying network devices and understanding network switch functions. Since its introduction in 1998, the CCNA certification has become a prestigious entry-level network certification. Passing the CCNA exam demonstrates comprehensive knowledge in networking principles and Cisco device configurations. Many professionals pursue CCNA certification for career advancement or to enhance their knowledge in the field. Employers highly value CCNA-certified individuals for their demonstrated expertise. However, achieving CCNA certification is not straightforward. Cisco regularly updates the exam to ensure it remains challenging and up-to-date. Many candidates attempt the exam multiple times before achieving success, while others may not pass at all. Failing the CCNA exam after significant investment in preparation can be frustrating and disheartening. VII. Preparing for the CCNA Exam To become CCNA certified, candidates must pass the 200-301 exam. Though there are no strict prerequisites, Cisco recommends that candidates typically have: Experience using and deploying Cisco solutions for at least a year. A working knowledge of IP addressing. An understanding of basic network concepts. The CCNA certification is not only a measure of one's knowledge but also a demonstration of a deep understanding of networking principles and Cisco technologies. It serves as a foundation for many professionals seeking to enhance their careers or gain a deeper understanding of their work. Employers seek CCNA-certified individuals for the expertise they bring to the table. VIII. Conclusion The Cisco CCNA (200-301) certification is a vital stepping stone for networking professionals, offering a comprehensive understanding of essential networking concepts and practices. Keeping abreast of the latest exam updates and requirements is key for those aiming to advance their careers in network technology. Whether you are seeking career growth or looking to solidify your networking knowledge, the CCNA certification remains a valuable asset in the ever-evolving world of network technology.

If you have been a project manager for many years, it is time to upgrade by obtaining a project management professional (PMP) certificate. The certificate is awarded by the Project Management Institute (PMI), a non-profit organization composed of professional project managers. However, you can only be certified by meeting specific requirements and passing the PMP certification test. Preparing for the exam can be expensive and time-consuming, and the exam itself can be difficult. Some people sign up for online training courses, such as SPOTO, to ensure they have the most excellent chance of getting a passing score. This is the main reason why many people think that PMP certification is worthwhile. 1. An impressive resume Becoming a certified PMP looks excellent on your resume. Employers want you to be part of their team. As companies realize the value of hiring people with scarce skills, project-based work is now a trend. For companies, bringing these people into the labor market will be economical and convenient. Since the PMP certification proves the manager's expertise in handling projects, employers will rush to hire people with certificates. The badge will make your resume stand out among many job seekers and prompt employers to check your resume before checking others. 2. High income PMP certification can increase your revenue. According to the latest data, certified project managers earn 20% more than uncertified project managers worldwide. Good income means enhanced financial security. As the demand for PMP is expected to continue to grow, salaries will also continue to rise. 3. Expertise Once you have obtained the PMP certification, you should maintain high standards in your work. By preparing for the PMP exam, you can review knowledge and skills and learn new knowledge and skills to effectively manage large projects. You will learn best management practices and some tips and tips to complete the project on time and within budget. 4. Recognition The PMP badge will enable you to gain globally recognized expertise. You can easily find a job where you need a PMP certified project manager. The company knows that certified managers can get things done efficiently because they have the hard and soft skills required to complete the project without failure. 5. Connect Managers who have obtained PMP certification become PMI or Project Management Association members, thus providing more opportunities to meet with people in the industry. Through meetings, conferences, and other gatherings initiated by PMI, you will learn about upcoming projects and other job opportunities. People will continue to understand current trends and learn more techniques and acceptable practices in this field. Experts can also guide new members and share their knowledge and skills with them when managing projects. Conclusion With the many benefits of PMP certification, you will need a training course to help you pass the PMP exam on your first attempt. If you want to pass the PMP exam and look for the most reliable and precise materials, you can now quickly get SPOTO. Recommend PMP exam study materials: Is PMP still in demand? How do I get a PMP certification? What should be your study plan for the PMP examination? Which is the best book for PMP exam prep? What would be the best way to prepare for the PMP certification? What is the average salary of PMP in the IT industry? What is the best online PMP training?  What are the best PMP certification training institutes? What are the values of PMP certification? How to schedule the PMP exam online? Do we require experience for a PMP certificate? How to start preparing for the PMP exam? What are the benefits of a PMP Certification? Is PMP recognized in Canada?

In the ever-evolving world of modern networks, dynamic routing protocols play a crucial role in streamlining network operations and reducing administrative overhead. As network infrastructures continue to grow in complexity, the need for efficient and scalable routing solutions becomes paramount. This article provides an in-depth introduction to dynamic routing protocols, their advantages over static routes, and the key concepts every networking professional should understand. What are Dynamic Routing Protocols? Dynamic routing protocols are intelligent algorithms that enable routers to exchange routing information and dynamically learn about remotely connected networks. By leveraging these protocols, routers can automatically update their routing tables, ensuring efficient packet forwarding without the need for manual configuration of static routes. Advantages of Dynamic Routing Protocols: 1. Automatic Network Discovery: Dynamic routing protocols enable routers to discover remote networks dynamically, eliminating the need for manual configuration of static routes. 2. Reduced Administrative Overhead: With dynamic routing, network administrators can significantly reduce the administrative overhead associated with managing large-scale networks. 3. Error Reduction: Dynamic protocols are less prone to errors compared to static routing, as they automatically adapt to network changes and topology modifications. 4. Scalability: Dynamic routing protocols allow networks to scale more efficiently, as they can handle the addition or removal of network segments without requiring extensive manual reconfiguration. Categories of Dynamic Routing Protocols: Dynamic routing protocols can be classified into several categories, including: 1. Interior and Exterior Gateway Routing Protocols: Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) are used within a single Autonomous System (AS), while Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGPs) are used to exchange routing information between different ASes. 2. Distance Vector, Path Vector, and Link-State Routing Protocols: These categories define how routing protocols calculate paths and share routing information. 3. Classful and Classless Routing Protocols: Classful protocols use traditional IP address classes, while classless protocols support variable-length subnet masking (VLSM) and supernetting. Key Concepts in Dynamic Routing: 1. Administrative Distance: This metric determines the trustworthiness of a routing protocol, influencing the preference of routes learned from different sources. 2. Routing Metrics: Dynamic routing protocols use various metrics, such as hop count, bandwidth, or delay, to determine the best path to a destination network. 3. Convergence: Convergence is the process by which routers in a network agree on the best paths for forwarding traffic, ensuring consistent and loop-free routing. Implementing Dynamic Routing Protocols: While dynamic routing protocols offer numerous advantages, their implementation requires expertise and careful planning. Network administrators must consider factors such as protocol selection, network design, and security implications. Reputable training providers like SPOTO offer comprehensive courses and hands-on labs to help networking professionals master dynamic routing protocols and prepare for industry-recognized certifications. In today's dynamic networking landscape, embracing dynamic routing protocols is essential for ensuring efficient and scalable network operations. By understanding the principles, advantages, and key concepts of these protocols, networking professionals can unlock the full potential of their networks and stay ahead of the curve in an ever-changing technological landscape.

Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification has long been recognized as a benchmark for networking professionals in the IT industry. This prestigious certification validates a candidate's ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-sized routed and switched networks. As technology continues to evolve rapidly, Cisco has been proactive in updating its certifications to reflect the changing landscape of networking. In 2024, a new version of the CCNA certification is anticipated, bringing with it exciting changes and opportunities for aspiring IT professionals. This article aims to shed light on the future of the Cisco CCNA certification, its significance in the IT industry, and what professionals need to know about the upcoming changes. I. CCNA Certification History The CCNA certification has a rich history that dates back to its inception. Over the years, Cisco has continuously evolved the certification to align with the changing demands of the industry. Previous updates to the CCNA certification have introduced advancements in networking technologies, expanded the scope of skills required, and kept professionals up-to-date with the latest trends. By staying current with the evolving industry landscape, Cisco has ensured that CCNA-certified professionals possess the skills needed to succeed in their careers. II. Reasons for a New CCNA in 2024 In 2024, Cisco is expected to release a new version of the CCNA certification for several reasons. Firstly, there have been significant changes in networking technology, including the emergence of software-defined networking (SDN) and network virtualization. These advancements have transformed the way networks are designed, managed, and secured, necessitating an updated certification to reflect these changes. Secondly, Cisco has been embracing an evolving vision for networking, which includes the integration of network automation and programmability. The new CCNA certification is expected to emphasize these areas, equipping professionals with the skills needed to harness the power of automation and programmable networks. Furthermore, there is a pressing need to address skills gaps among IT professionals. The industry demands individuals who possess the knowledge and expertise to work with modern networking technologies effectively. By updating the CCNA certification, Cisco aims to bridge these gaps and ensure that professionals are well-prepared to meet the industry's needs. Lastly, there is a growing market demand for proficient CCNA-certified professionals. As organizations increasingly rely on technology for their operations, the demand for skilled networking professionals continues to rise. The new CCNA certification aims to produce professionals who are not only knowledgeable in traditional networking but also well-versed in emerging technologies like cybersecurity and cloud computing. III. Updates and Changes in the New CCNA Certification The new CCNA certification is expected to introduce several updates and changes. One notable change is the consolidation of individual CCNA paths. Previously, candidates had the option to choose from various CCNA paths, such as CCNA Routing and Switching, CCNA Security, CCNA Wireless, and others. However, the new certification is likely to merge these paths into a single comprehensive program, ensuring a more holistic understanding of networking concepts. Additionally, the new CCNA certification is anticipated to place a strong emphasis on network automation and programmability. Professionals will be required to demonstrate their ability to leverage automation tools, programming languages, and APIs to streamline network operations and enhance efficiency. Furthermore, the new CCNA certification is expected to give increased attention to cybersecurity and cloud computing. With the rise of cyber threats and the growing adoption of cloud-based technologies, professionals with a solid understanding of these areas will be in high demand. The updated certification will equip candidates with the knowledge and skills necessary to address the security challenges associated with modern networking and cloud environments. IV. Preparing for the New CCNA Certification To succeed in the new CCNA certification, candidates should utilize various study resources. Cisco's official documentation, books, and online resources will provide a comprehensive understanding of the topics covered in the exam. Hands-on practice with networking equipment, virtual labs, and simulation tools will also be crucial in developing practical skills. Furthermore, training options and platforms will play a vital role in preparing for the new CCNA certification. Cisco offers official training courses, both in-person and online, to help candidates acquire the knowledge and hands-on experience required for the exam. Additionally, there are numerous third-party training providers and e-learning platforms that offer CCNA preparation materials and practice exams. To maximize success in the new CCNA certification, candidates should follow a structured study plan, allocate dedicated time for preparation, and leverage the support of study groups and online communities. Regular practice tests and self-assessment will help identify areas of improvement and ensure readiness for the exam. V. Tips for Success in the New CCNA Certification: To succeed in the new CCNA certification, candidates should consider the following tips: Understand the exam objectives: Familiarize yourself with the exam blueprint and objectives provided by Cisco. Ensure that you have a clear understanding of the topics and skills that will be assessed in the certification exam. Hands-on practice: Networking is a practical field, so hands-on practice is crucial. Set up a lab environment using network simulators or real network equipment to gain practical experience in configuring and troubleshooting networks. Practice exams: Take advantage of practice exams to assess your knowledge and identify areas of weakness. Practice exams help you become familiar with the exam format and time management. Join study groups: Engage with fellow candidates by joining study groups or online communities. Collaborating with others can provide valuable insights, clarify doubts, and create a supportive learning environment. Stay updated: Networking technologies evolve rapidly, so it's important to stay updated with the latest trends and advancements. Follow industry blogs, attend webinars, and participate in professional networking events to stay abreast of changes in the field. VI. Conclusion The Cisco CCNA certification has long been a respected credential in the IT industry, signifying proficiency in networking fundamentals. As technology continues to evolve, Cisco has anticipated the need for a new version of the CCNA certification in 2024. This updated certification will reflect the changes in networking technology, Cisco's evolving vision, and the demands of the market. IT professionals seeking to enhance their careers should stay informed about the upcoming changes, prepare diligently using available study resources and training options, and remain committed to ongoing professional development. By embracing the new CCNA certification, professionals can stay ahead in an ever-evolving industry and open doors to exciting opportunities in the field of networking.

CCIE Security v5 Certification: CCIE Security Certification would be considered to be the most prestigious and it is also one of the highly paid certifications around the world. With the new world where technologies are changing every minute, we strongly need the best secure networks as well as the candidates who could manage them. CCIE Security v5 Certification is considered to be all about making the career in managing as well as creating secure networks. The CCIE Security Version 5.0 exam would be unified written and lab exam topics documents into an exclusive curriculum, while explicitly disclosing which domains would be pertaining to which exam, and the relative weight of each domain. If you are also an aspiring candidate and willing to pursue it, you should check out the courses, which are being offered by the SPOTO. CCIE Security v5 written exam: The Cisco CCIE Security Written Exam (400-251) version 5.0 is going to be assessed in a two-hour test with 90 to 110 questions which would be validating professionals who have the acquired the expertise so as to describe, design, operate, implement, and troubleshoot complex security technologies and solutions. Candidates are required to understand the requirements of network security, how different components are going to interoperate and translate it into the device configurations. CCIE Security v5 Lab Exam: The Cisco CCIE Security Lab Exam version 5.0 would be assessed in an eight-hour, the hands-on exam that would be required a candidate for planning, designing, implementing, operating, and troubleshooting complex security scenarios for a given specification. Unified Exam topics for Written and Lab Exam: The following topics would be considered as the general guidelines for the content which would be likely going to be included on the exam. However, other related topics might also appear on any specific delivery of the exam. So as to better reflect the contents of the exam as well as for clarity purposes, the guidelines below might change at any time without notice.   1.0 Perimeter Security and Intrusion Prevention: Written Exam - 21% Lab Exam - 23% 2.0 Advanced Threat Protection and Content Security: Written Exam - 17% Lab Exam - 19% 3.0 Secure Connectivity and Segmentation: Written Exam - 17% Lab Exam - 19% 4.0 Identity Management, Information Exchange, and Access Control: Written Exam - 22% Lab Exam - 24% 5.0 Infrastructure Security, Virtualization, and Automation: Written Exam - 13% Lab Exam - 15% 6.0 Evolving Technologies v1.1: Written Exam - 10% Lab Exam - N/A Recertification: Cisco’s Expert-level certifications would be considered to be valid for two years and are needed to be recertified every two years thereafter by: Earning the required credits through the Cisco Continuing Education Program, or Passing any current CCIE Written Exam OR CCIE practical exam, or Passing the current CCDE Written Exam OR current CCDE Practical Exam, or Passing the Cisco Certified Architect (CCAr) interview & the CCAr board review to extend lower certifications CCIE certification would be automatically extending other Cisco Certifications, such as CCNP or CCNA Candidates would be able to apply in only one passed written exam or the earned required credits using Cisco Continuing Education Program towards recertification for the time period of every 24 month recertification period. CCIE Security v5 Job Profiles: Below mentioned are some Popular CCIE Security v5 Job Profiles: CCIE Security Trainer Firewall Engineer Infrastructure Consulting Practitioner Network Architect Network Consulting Engineer Network Security Analyst Network Security Engineer / Senior Network Engineer Network Specialist / Lead Network Specialist So, if you wish to acquire this certification and gain the benefits of any job roles mentioned above, I would suggest you join the prep courses offered by the SPOTO.

I. Overview of Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) CCNA is a globally recognized certification program offered by Cisco Systems, a leading networking solutions provider. It validates the knowledge and skills required to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot small to medium-sized networks. CCNA certification serves as a solid foundation for networking professionals and opens up various career opportunities in the field of network administration and engineering. II. CCNA Exam Details The CCNA exam follows a comprehensive format designed to assess candidates' knowledge and skills across various networking domains. The exam consists of multiple-choice questions, drag-and-drop questions, simulations, and hands-on labs. It evaluates candidates' understanding of network fundamentals, network access, IP connectivity, IP services, security fundamentals, and automation and programmability. To succeed in the CCNA exam, candidates must be well-prepared and have a solid understanding of the exam topics. They should practice hands-on configuration and troubleshooting exercises, familiarize themselves with Cisco devices and command-line interfaces, and stay updated with the latest networking technologies and best practices. Joining study groups, using practice exams, and accessing online resources are also effective exam preparation strategies. III. CCNA Syllabus The CCNA syllabus is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of networking concepts and technologies. It covers a wide range of topics, including but not limited to: Network Fundamentals: Introduction to networking, OSI and TCP/IP models, Ethernet LANs, IPv4 and IPv6 addressing, and routing fundamentals. Network Access: Ethernet switching concepts, VLANs, Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), and wireless LANs. IP Connectivity: IP addressing, subnetting, routing protocols (OSPF and EIGRP), and inter-VLAN routing. IP Services: NAT (Network Address Translation), DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), and network troubleshooting. Security Fundamentals: Common security threats, ACLs (Access Control Lists), and basic network security practices. Automation and Programmability: Network automation, device management protocols (SNMP and NETCONF), and RESTful APIs. Each topic within the CCNA syllabus holds significance in building a strong networking foundation and prepares professionals for the challenges they may face in their careers. IV. Career Opportunities with CCNA Certification CCNA certification opens up a wide range of career opportunities in the networking industry. Certified professionals can pursue roles such as network administrator, network engineer, systems engineer, network security specialist, and wireless support specialist, among others. With the increasing demand for skilled network professionals, CCNA-certified individuals have a competitive edge in the job market. In terms of salary expectations, CCNA-certified professionals often enjoy higher earning potential compared to their non-certified counterparts. However, salaries may vary depending on factors such as location, experience, and specific job responsibilities. Continuous learning and gaining expertise in emerging technologies like cloud computing, cybersecurity, and software-defined networking can further enhance career prospects and earning potential. V. Advantages of Cisco Networking Technologies Cisco networking technologies are widely recognized and relied upon in the field of networking due to their numerous advantages. With a comprehensive range of solutions and products, Cisco has established itself as a leader in the industry. One of the key advantages of Cisco networking technologies is their versatility and scalability. Cisco offers a wide array of networking solutions, including routers, switches, firewalls, and wireless access points, that can be seamlessly integrated to create a robust and scalable network infrastructure. This allows businesses to easily expand their networks as their needs grow, without compromising on performance or security. Another benefit is the reliability and stability offered by Cisco networking technologies. Cisco products are known for their high-quality design and exceptional performance, ensuring that networks operate smoothly and efficiently. The reliability of Cisco equipment helps to minimize downtime and ensures uninterrupted connectivity, which is crucial for businesses that rely on their networks for critical operations. Moreover, Cisco's extensive support and resources contribute to its advantages. Cisco provides comprehensive documentation, technical support, and regular updates for its networking technologies, allowing network administrators to effectively manage and troubleshoot their networks. Additionally, Cisco's vast network of certified professionals and community forums provide valuable knowledge sharing and assistance. The CCNA certification offered by Cisco further enhances skills with Cisco networking technologies. It validates an individual's expertise in configuring, managing, and troubleshooting Cisco networks. CCNA certification holders are equipped with in-depth knowledge of Cisco technologies, protocols, and best practices, making them highly sought after by employers. The advantages of Cisco networking technologies are evident in their versatility, reliability, and extensive support. Combined with the skills gained through CCNA certification, these technologies empower individuals and businesses to build and maintain robust, scalable, and efficient networks.v VI. Conclusion In today's digital age, networking plays a vital role in connecting people, devices, and systems across the globe. Obtaining the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification is a significant step toward building a successful career in the networking industry. This comprehensive guide has provided an overview of CCNA, its exam details, syllabus, career opportunities, advantages of Cisco networking technologies, and more. CCNA certification not only validates professionals' networking skills but also equips them with the knowledge to work with Cisco networking technologies effectively. With the ever-increasing demand for networking professionals, CCNA-certified individuals are well-positioned to pursue diverse career paths and enjoy lucrative opportunities. If you are passionate about networking and eager to excel in the field, consider embarking on the CCNA certification journey and unlock a world of possibilities.

Cisco professional-level certifications Cisco offers two professional-level credentials: the Cisco Certified Network Pro (CCNP) and the Cisco Certified Design Pro ( CCDP). You must pass three certification exams to obtain the CCDP. Four exams are required for all CCNP solution tracks except Routing and Switching. Three exams are necessary to earn the CCNP Routing and Switching credential. All CCNP solution tracks require either the lower-level CCNA credential or any CCIE credential. As a prerequisite, the CCNP: Service Provider credential accepts Cisco Certified Internet Professional (CCIP), which was retired in 2012. The CCNP credential is for professionals who design, implement, and troubleshoot networks in local and large areas. Except for Cyber Ops and Industrial, the CCNP tracks are identical to those of the CCNA. You are highly recommended to obtain the CCNP to move up to the Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert. The CCDP certifies proficiency in designing and deploying scalable networks and multilayer switched networks. You can then move on to become a Cisco Certified Design Expert. Cisco's expert-level certifications Cisco's top-level credentials include two main certifications: the highly coveted Cisco Certified Internetwork Experts (CCIE) and the Cisco Certified Design Experts (CCDE). Both certificates do not require prerequisites. However, one must pass both a written and practical exam to be awarded either. Cisco added an evolving technology domain to its expert-level exams in July 2016. It accounts for 10% of the exam score and targets network programmability, cloud, and IoT. Cisco could change the topics in this domain to reflect new technologies with enough commercial potential, presence, and interest to be exam worthy. This is a company-wide mechanism to future-proof its certifications, so employers can assume that people with current credentials are up to date on new networking technologies. Many network-track professionals consider the CCIE the highlight of their career. A CCIE is a professional with expert technical skills and knowledge about Cisco network products and solutions. Currently, the tracks include Collaboration, Data Center, Routing and Switching, Security, Provider, and Wireless. The CCDE identifies professionals who design infrastructure solutions in large enterprise environments. This includes technological, business, and budget aspects. Cisco's architect-level certificates The Cisco Certified Architect ( CCAr) certification is a smart choice for those looking to be network architects or data center architects. CCAr is the Cisco Career Certification Program's Ph.D. It is the highest Cisco certification. This credential validates the skills and abilities of a senior network architect who can plan and design IT infrastructures based on business strategies. The CCAr is a challenging certification. It would help if you first designed a network solution that implements a given strategy to earn the CCDE certification. Then, you will have to defend your answer before a Cisco-appointed panel. Similar careers and jobs No matter your career path, there are many job opportunities for Cisco professionals. Cisco certifications can help IT professionals prepare for various roles in Cisco. SimplyHired or Indeed have a search function that allows you to find Cisco CCNA professionals. You will find between 7,500- 9,500 job openings. Many factors can affect job opportunities, including experience and whether or not you are focused on network operations. Although not comprehensive, the following list highlights some of the most common certification-related job opportunities: CCENT - Help desk or technician positions CCT - Engineer (field, network support, application support) or system administrator CCNA Engineer (network and telecommunications), technician, or analyst (network operations center). CCDA - Engineer (network system, design, lead), analyst, interface developer, or technical specialist CCNP Network administrator, engineer (support and network), or advanced technician. There are also senior-level positions. CCDP - Senior-level roles: senior network engineer, senior analyst, cybersecurity analyst, or network designer CCIE: Expert-level roles; network architect, engineer (lead, systems, network), or senior network administrator CCDE: Expert-level roles; systems engineer, senior network engineer, network architect, network design engineer, or IT infrastructure team lead CCAr Architect (pointer and network, enterprise voice data, voice data, and more) Training and resources SPOTO has compiled a list of self-study and training resources. These resources include practice exams, online learning, and learning labs. Links to these resources are available on the certification's website. SPOTO provides candidates with a basic membership, including access to exam topics and IT training videos, study groups, forums, study material, and many other benefits. Professionals can access the subscription-based , which provides on-demand learning, more than 400 courses, and hands-on virtual labs, as well as a support library and other resources. Additional training materials can be found at SPOTO.

The CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) is the IT certifications which are being offered by the most reputed company in the IT sector, Cisco. Cisco would be considered as quite popular as a pioneer in the field of networking solutions and also well-known for the selling and manufacturing of other high-tech devices as well as software. The CCNP Certifications are being offered in several different tracks, one of which would be the CCNP Cloud certification. It would be focusing on giving cloud administrators, engineers, and designers, architects the knowledge as well as skills which would be required to manage and design Cloud systems as well as provide organizations Infrastructure-as-a-service. The CCNP Cloud certification would be prominently based on giving candidates lab training in using this Cloud technology as well as making them job-ready. If you wish to have this certification, you would require, lots of training, and for that SPOTO would be the best one. How to become a CCNP Cloud Certified? The candidates would be required to first have either a valid CCNA Cloud or any valid CCIE certification before they would be attempting the CCNP Cloud exams. After that, they could be attained the certification by clearing the following exams: The candidates are required to clear the below-mentioned exams so as to obtain the CCNP Cloud Certification: 300-460 CLDINF In this exam a candidate's knowledge and ability would be tested for:    Setting up Cloud infrastructure including physical and virtual Data Centers    Implementing Storage infrastructure and Connectivity    Implementing Network infrastructure and Connectivity    Implementing Compute    Troubleshooting Cloud workflows or applications    Identifying infrastructure operational domains 300-465 CLDDES In this exam a candidate's knowledge and ability would be tested for:    Translating requirements into Cloud/Automation process designs    Designing Private Cloud Infrastructures    Designing Public Cloud Infrastructures    Designing Cloud Security Policies    Designing Virtualization as well as Virtual Network Services 300-470 CLDAUT In this exam a candidate's knowledge and ability would be tested for:    Provisioning Private IaaS    Provisioning Private IaaS with Catalog Scaling    Provisioning Private IaaS with Network Automation    Provisioning Hybrid IaaS    Performing Application Provisioning & Life Cycle Management. 300-475 CLDACI In this exam, a candidate's knowledge and skills would be tested in    ACI Architecture, Fabric and Physical Topology    ACI Design and Configuration    APIC Automation Using Northbound API    ACI Integration    ACI Day 2 Operations Why should you get a CCNP Cloud Certification? With the onset of the digital era, almost each and every organization is generating large amounts of data, be it their client base, product inventory, company records, operations documentation, or just about any other digital data which would be required to be stored. However, building the infrastructure as well as technologies for the easy storage and retrieval of this data could be extremely expensive and time-consuming. This makes cloud storage quite an extremely appealing to businesses, as it is going to provide them instant storage-space, which could be scaled up or down as per their requirements while also providing them like an extra service at competitive prices. The large-scale adoption of cloud storage would have given rise to new roles as well as responsibilities in the networking sector, and cloud experts would be in very high demand. Given that Cisco is considered to be one of the front-runners in Cloud technologies, they would be in a unique position to impart knowledge and practical skills to professionals wishing to further their careers in this field. A CCNP Cloud certification would be able to qualify a professional in implementing, designing and troubleshooting Cisco Cloud and Intercloud Solutions. Given Cisco’s heritage in the IT industry, a Cisco certification would also provide undeniable credibility to the skills as well as expertise of a professional. It would also help the candidates to achieve career growth as well as earn a higher salary. Popular roles in the Cloud Domain:    Cloud Engineer    Cloud Administrator    Cloud Designer    Cloud Architect  

Herein we are going to discuss some tips about preparing for the CCDE Certification. Along with these tips, you would be also required to go through the training which would be provided under the SPOTO CCDE Certification Section. Go through their official website to gain access to their reliable and authentic SPOTO CCDE Dumps to enhance your chances of clearing the CCDE Exam in the first attempt. Study Dumps and Online Training: A surprising revelation was that, out of 68.9% of all survey respondents who would have studied alone before their first attempt in the CCDE exam. 25.9% of the CCDEs have failed. Later they have adopted another way and selected good training like the SPOTO CCDE Online Training, which improved their success rate to 71.4%. My take would be that studying through the reliable and authentic study dumps, like provided in the SPOTO CLUB CCDE Section, would have increased their chances of achieving the same. Books and Cisco Live presentations: When asked about what the three most important resources would be used to prepare for the first attempt of the CCDE practical exam was, it was seen that in first place with 89.1% of all candidates was books, and in second place with 48.9% of all candidates have chosen Cisco Live presentations. Taking into consideration that in this survey most CCDEs would have studied alone, it seems natural that one uses “individual” resources for learning or enhancing knowledge of technology, but again it is mostly not recommended. Bootcamps and Publications One aspect that I have found quite interesting in this survey was, that the CCDEs who would have failed their first attempt of the CCDE practical exam remained faithful to practicing by reading books as well as watching Cisco Live presentations. While, in third place, however, the on-the-job experience would be replaced by a tie between boot camps and publications like the blogs, white papers, etc. I think, if you wish to have this certification in a single attempt, you should check out the boot camps offered under the SPOTO CCDE exam Section Mindset change I wouldn’t be able to emphasize enough how important it would be to tackle the CCDE practical exam with a network design mindset, as opposed to a network engineer or the mindset of CCIE. I might have accidentally left this aspect out of the survey, but the respondent CCDEs have kept me honest about it: Focusing on what business wishes to achieve. Designing bearing business end goal in mind. Altering structure of studying from the mode of the CCIE. Altering Process of thinking or the way you would be looking at the information. Some advice on test-taking strategies In closing, I would like to add some last test-taking advice from my experience of obtaining CCDEs: Eventually, it is considered all about incarcerating business requirements along with constraints and mapping them into a technical solution. In the first attempt I gave in too quickly, you should just hang in there and give your best shot and later hope for the best. Also, do check out the study dumps offered in the SPOTO CCDE Certification Section, as it was quite helpful for me to clear this exam, through it.  

The Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) Routing & Switching certification is widely regarded as one of the most prestigious and challenging networking certifications in the industry. Earning this coveted credential not only validates your expert-level skills in planning, operating, and troubleshooting complex, converged network infrastructures but also opens doors to higher-paying career opportunities and enhances your professional reputation. For those aspiring to obtain the CCIE Routing & Switching certification, SPOTO Club offers a comprehensive and highly acclaimed CCIE Routing & Switching v6 Workbook. This invaluable resource is designed to help you master the technologies covered in the CCIE Routing & Switching lab exam and develop the essential test-taking strategies for success. SPOTO Club's CCIE Routing & Switching v6 Workbook: A Comprehensive Preparation Guide Advanced Technology Labs: Consists of nearly 500 hands-on labs that walk you through each technology, providing in-depth explanations and configurations. Follows an easy-to-follow, goal-oriented, step-by-step approach to ensure a solid understanding of the topics. Advanced Foundation Labs: Refines your configuration skills on the core technologies used in the CCIE Routing & Switching lab exam. Guides you through critical steps for verifying and building a working networking topology. Enhances your speed and task-management skills, which are crucial in a timed, full-scale lab environment. Advanced Troubleshooting Labs: Presents pre-built network topologies with introduced problems that you need to resolve. Helps you develop a structured troubleshooting approach and improve time-management skills. Prepares you for real-world job scenarios that often require accurate and timely troubleshooting. Full-Scale Practice Labs: Simulates the actual CCIE Routing & Switching Lab Exam environment. Builds upon your expert-level understanding of fundamentals and teaches you to predict advanced and subtle interactions when multiple technologies are combined. Provides a comprehensive test-like experience to assess your readiness for the CCIE Routing & Switching lab exam. By leveraging SPOTO Club's CCIE Routing & Switching v6 Workbook, you can gain a deep understanding of the exam topics, hone your practical skills, and develop the confidence needed to tackle the challenging CCIE Routing & Switching lab exam. With expert-led guidance and comprehensive study materials, SPOTO Club increases your chances of passing the exam on your first attempt. Whether you're a seasoned networking professional or just starting your CCIE journey, SPOTO Club's workbook is an invaluable resource that can help you achieve your certification goals and unlock new career opportunities in the dynamic field of networking.

On June 10, 2019, Cisco announced its next level of certification: on February 24, 2020, Cisco will release a new certification and training program. The last day of testing under the current certification plan is February 23, 2020.  1. Certification Program at-a-glance Contrast  Opinion 1: All CCENT (include CCT) will be integrated into CCT;  Opinion 2: All CCNA will be integrated into one CCNA, and add a new certification – DevNet; Opinion 3: Cisco will cancel 4 tracks CCNP  (Cloud, Design, R&S and Wireless), and two new certifications -DevNet and Enterprise will be added;  Opinion 4: CCIE R&S will be changed to CCIE Enterprise Infrastructure, CCIE Wireless will be changed to CCIE Enterprise Wireless;   Opinion 5: Routing & Switching will be  changed. there is no RS in the world. 2. Changes in CCNA and DevNet CCNA New CCNA Overview:  New CCNA Exam Topics:  Download Complete List of Topics in PDF format DevNet CCNA Overview: DevNet CCNA Exam Topics:  Download Complete List of Topics in PDF format  Opinion 1: The New CCNA includes wireless, security, automation and programmability; Note: You can take CCNP directly and you don’t need to pass CCNA exam.  3. Changes in  CCNP Certification   If you need the original pictures and you can contact SPOTO to download  Difference 1: Pass CCNA then take CCNP exam vs take CCNP directly.  Difference 2: Different tracks of CCNP with different exam count vs All tracks of CCNA exam take 2 exams: 1 core exam + 1optional exam. Get more about ccnp exam price 2019 click here Difference 3: There is one optional exam (Automating and Programming 300-X35) In all tracks of CCNP exam The difference 3 means that when you take CCNP Enterprise, if you take (core exam) 300-401 ENCOR + (optional exam) 300-435 ENAUTO When you take next CCNP such as, DevNet Professional You just need pass 300-901 DEVCOR exam to earn DevNet Professional certification. The optional exam is a very subdivided certification in this direction, such as CCNP Enterprise's optional exam: 300-415 ENSDWI and 300-430 ENWLSI, 300-415 is Implementing Cisco SD-WAN Solutions, and 300-430 is Implementing Cisco Enterprise Wireless Networks, they are completely different, which if you want to fast pass CCNP exam, you need take one you good at. Note：CCNP Core Exam is essential for they will show again when you recertify your CCIE  4. Changes in CCIE Certification The biggest change in this certification reform is not CCNA and CCNP, but CCIE. CCDE and CCAr certifications are the same as before  Difference 1: The original CCIE certification is to pass the corresponding CCIE written test ( Get more ccie written price click here. ), and then pass CCIE Lab exam. After February 24, 2020,  the CCIE written test becomes the Core Exam in the CCNP certification, which means that when you hesitate to test CCIE or CCNP You can test Core Exam first. If you pass a core exam + an optional exam, you are CCNP. If you pass a core exam + the Lab exam, congratulations, you become CCIE. Moreover CCIE Enterprise Infrastructure and CCIE Enterprise Wireless share same core exam.  Difference 2: CCIE R&S is revised not only on name but exam topics. Such as: SD-Access, SD-WAN, Automation and Programmability Download Complete List of Topics in PDF format  For candidates with CCIE RS certification or prepare for it, you might have doubt on your certification, plz look at recertification part.  Difference 3:  Enterprise Infrastructure V1.0 Exam Topics Enterprise Wireless V1.0 Exam Topics Collaboration V3.0 Exam Topics Data Center V3.0 Exam Topics Security V6.0 Exam Topics Service Provider V5.0 Exam Topics  Difference 4: The Lab exam format  is also  changed. There are two lab exam formats in original exam. Such as CCIE RS Lab exam Such as CCIE DC Lab exam After the revision, all tracks of CCIE Lab exam will be integrated (except Design) into the same format  Before February 24, 2020 minimum score：60% pass score: 80% after February 24, 2020  Viewpoint 1: The CCNP undefined core exam has replaced the CCIEundefineds written test, which means that the core examundefineds test cost(about SPOTO ccnp test cost) should not be less than the current $450 CCIE pen trial, and no clear information about the price of the exam has been received. Get more about ccie written exam cost 2019 ccnp cost 2019 click here.  Viewpoint 2: Since CCNP no longer needs to take CCNA first, take the current CCNP R&S as an example. Before February 24, 2020 CCNP R&S= CCNA R&S + CCNP (Routing + Switching + Troubleshooting) The cost= $325+$300*3=$1225 After February 24, 2020 CCNP Enterprise= Core Exam + Concentration Exam Do you think Cisco will reduce its exam fee? We suppose that the core exam fee and concentration exam fee will higher than $450  5.How about the recertification? On February 24, 2020, the new CCIE Enterprise Infrastructure v1.0 certification will replace the current CCIE Routing and Switching v5.0 certification. If you have started working toward the current CCIE Routing and Switching certification, keep going. In the new program, you’ll receive credit for work you’ve completed in the current program. If you pass the current CCIE Routing and Switching Written v5.0 exam before February 24, you’ll be eligible to take the new CCIE Enterprise Infrastructure v1.0 lab exam after February 24. After February 24, the CCIE Routing and Switching Written v5.0 exam will be replaced with ENCOR 300-401. After you pass ENCOR 300-401, you will earn the Cisco Certified Specialist - Enterprise Core certification. If you complete the entire CCIE Routing and Switching certification before February 24, then on February 24, you’ll automatically receive the new CCIE Enterprise Infrastructure v1.0 certification, which can be maintained as per new recertification guidelines, and you will also receive the Cisco Certified Specialist - Enterprise Core certification. Difference 1: All certifications (Except CCAr) will have a three-year recertification deadline For CCIE certification validity duration is 2 years, in third year your CCIE will be inactive, >3 years CCIE certification will be suspend. After 24 February 2020, CCIE validity duration is 3 years. Get more about ccna exam validity click here.  Difference2: The Continuing Education program will extend to the CCNA, Specialist, CCNP, CCIE certifications；And the continuing education point cap for Cisco Live activities and content-authoring, such as writing exam items, has been removed Which means if you earn enough Continuing Education credits or pass relevant exam to recertify your CCIE.  Opinion 1: Regarding re-certification CCIE, you need to take any CCIE written test. It costs $450 to extend CCIE validity for 2 years, with an average of $225/Year. In the future re-certification process, if you do not consider Continuing Education, you need to participate in the certification exam to extend the validity period, you need to pass the following ways. If we assume correctly that the exam fees for Core Exam and Concentration Exam in the previous, and that Lab Exam still maintains $1600. Let's calculate how much it costs per year for recertification? Which is the most cost-effective? We can see that the cheapest way to recertify is $900, $300/Year Of course, all this is based on the prediction of the test price, you should have your own judgment. If you agree with SPOTO, what are you waiting for? By February 24, 2020, take the CCIE written test to extend your CCIE status (assuming you have CCIE,lol). We have valid and accurate exam dumps. You can pass in 7 days  Opinion 2: A new re-certification strategy will have a phenomenon, that is, there will be a lot of CCNP certification on your resume. Viewpoint 3: Because of the importance of core exams in the new certification system, many people will choose to carry out core exams in all directions in the future, while in the case of core examinations, they only need laboratory examinations. You can get CCIE, in the right direction, which will make more and more people try CCIE.. If it were you, would you try it?  7. Related resource links 1. Recertification Policy 2. CCIE Practical Exam Format 3. CCNA Migration Tools 4. CCNP Migration Tools 5. FAQ 6.how to prepare for ccnp click here. Get more how many ccie in the world 2020 cisco ccie lab book click here

You could think of CCIE written Exam as the equivalent of taking your driving test theory part before you would be allowed to get behind the wheel with a DMV employee. Likewise, CCIE Written Exam is a qualification exam as well as a prerequisite to CCIE Lab. However, there would be a few questions about the CCIE Written and Lab exams that you might need to know, so here I decided to put them all together in one place. CCIE has multiple tracks and each track has its own written and lab exams. So, you need to have some good prep courses, like that offered at the SPOTO Club, to ease up your study process.  I. Do I have to choose a track?  Yes, you would be needed to choose a track before planning your exam take. CCIE program is going to require that you clear the corresponding CCIE written exam before you’re being allowed to register for your CCIE lab. Once you are CCIE certified, you could take and clear any CCIE written exam to keep your certification active.  II. What CCIE Exam tracks are available today?  There are six tracks from which you could choose: Collaboration Data Center Routing and Switching Security Service Provider Wireless III. Which track should I choose?  I have been come across this question a lot. You could utilize multiple factors to come to this conclusion. Broadly speaking, for most network engineers, it would be making sense to start with the Routing and Switching track.  IV. How much would I have to pay to register for CCIE Exams?  CCIE Written and Lab exams would be costing you about $450 and $1,600 respectively.  V. How about going for Multiple CCIEs?  Regardless of the many reasons, your first CCIE certification would come with the biggest return on investment, after that it would be considered as incremental. Multiple CCIEs are believed to be good to have if there is a reason to do so, for example when learning new domain of knowledge would help you to advance in your job or career, even better if your employer would be paying boot camps as well as lab exam fee. If you are a Cisco employee, you could attempt each track about three times and all free of cost.  VI. Who creates CCIE Written and Lab exams?  CCIE exams are almost entirely written by Cisco employees or outside SME expert who would be accepted and into the program. As far as Cisco employees are concerned, those are either working in the Cisco TAC or CCIE program department. All approved questions would be mapped to the blueprint and added to item bank for utilizing on exam forms. The passing score for each exam is determined using scaling methodologies and psychometric standards.  VII. How CCIE exams are graded?  CCIE written exams would be graded on an overall scaled score, i.e. 300 to 1000. Lab exams would be graded by each section as well as report a Pass or Fail depending on the individual section scores, which are calculated on all or none basis except for CCDE. Get more how is ccna scored click there.  VIII. How about CCIE Exam Passing Scores?  Well, that would be depending on the exam you’re taking; however, it is considered about 80% in all cases. Passing scores are going to set based on something Cisco calls MQC (Minimally Qualified Candidate). CCIE Written Exam Track Passing Score Routing and Switching 804 Security 845 Data Center 825 Service Provider 821 Collaboration 825 Wireless 825 CCDE 860   So, now you have known to the passing score, you would be understanding that how much you have to study, and if you want guaranteed results, you should check out the courses, which you could gain it through the prep courses, offered by the SPOTO Club.

Solution to the problem of local routing conflict Why is there a local routing conflict problem? Traditional overlay vpn A corresponding GRE tunnel is established on the PE for each VPN user, routing information is passed between the PE and the PE, and the P device in the public network does not know the routing information of the private network. The customer completely hands over the creation and maintenance of the VPN to the service provider, with better confidentiality and security. However, different VPN users cannot share the same address space. Even if they can share, the addresses between PE and CE, and the addresses between tunnels must not be the same, and a large number of ACLs and policy routes must be used. It is not feasible in practice. So there will be local routing conflicts. Solutions: The solution to the problem of local routing conflicts is mainly borrowed from the dedicated PE peer-to-peer VPN model. The dedicated router has a clear division of labor, and each PE only keeps its own VPN route. P only reserves public network routes. The current idea is to integrate the functions of all these devices on one PE. The specific operation is to divide different VRFs on the PE device. Each VRF can be regarded as a virtual router, as if it is a dedicated PE device. The virtual router includes the following elements: ■ An independent routing table, of course, also includes an independent address space; ■ A set of interfaces belonging to this VRF, the specific VRF is judged by which interface the data packet is received from; ■ A group of routing protocols only used for this VRF. For each PE, one or more VRFs can be maintained, while maintaining a public network routing table (also called a global routing table). Multiple VRF instances are separated and independent of each other. Compared with the complicated ACL configuration, the mechanism of multiple forwarding tables greatly simplifies the PE router to provide isolated support for each VPN routing information. What is the RT value? It is not difficult to achieve VRF local routing differentiation, but to resolve remote routing differentiation, it is necessary to use specific policy rules on the PE to coordinate the relationship between each VRF and the global routing table. This mainly refers to how the PE device distinguishes whether the received route belongs to the VPN route or the global route on the public network. The solution is to add a specific mark to the VPN route. Different marks indicate different routes, and the PE device uses this mark to determine which VRF the route should be written to. To solve the problem of labeling, we need to find a solution from the attributes of BGP. The routing attributes of the BGP protocol are very flexible and have excellent scalability. Recalling the various attributes of BGP, the characteristics of community attributes are most suitable for solving this problem. The community attribute is an optional transitive attribute, which is mainly used to simplify the execution of policies. The group attribute indicates that a destination is a member of some destination groups, and these destinations share one or more common characteristics. In other words, the community attribute is for specific routes, and the peer groups with similar functions are for peer routers, which does not apply here. So we can solve the problems we face by transforming the attributes of the group. The function of the modified group attribute is the same as before, but in order to distinguish it from the traditional group attribute, we give it a new name-RT. In this way, the PE device can distinguish the routes of different VRFs by adding the RT attribute to the specific route entry. The essence of RT is that each VRF expresses its own routing choices and preferences. It can be divided into two parts: Export Target and Import Target; the former indicates the attributes of the routes I sent, and the latter indicates which routes I am interested in. At the same time, the application of RT is relatively flexible. Each VRF Export Target and Import Target can be configured with multiple attributes, for example: I am interested in red or blue routes. When receiving, it is an "or" operation, and the routes of red, blue, and both colors will be accepted. This allows very flexible VPN access control. Below we illustrate the application of RT through an example analysis: As shown in the figure, each red company's site is associated with the red VRF on the PE router. PE configures a globally unique RT (RED) for each red VRF as its input and output target. The RT will not be assigned to any other VRF as their RT (such as the blue VRF), so as to ensure that the VPN of the red company contains only the routes in its own VPN. The specific steps are as follows: ■ Site-1: The route I sent is red, and I only receive the red route; ■ Site-2: The route I sent is red, and I only receive the red route; ■ Site-5: The route I sent is red, and I only receive the red route; ■ Site-3: The route I sent is blue, and I only receive the blue route; ■ Site-4: The route I sent is blue, and I only receive the blue route; ■ Site-6: The route I sent is blue, and I only receive the blue route. In this way, only Site-1, 2, and 5 have their own routes with each other, and the two realize mutual access. The same is true for Site-3, 4, and 6. At this time, we can call Site-1, 2, 5 as VPN-A, and Site3, 4, 6 as VPN-B. Below we make a summary of this part through a comparison between the dedicated PE method and the VRF method: Compared Routing Receive route Special PE method On the routers belonging to a specific VPN, use the community attribute of BGP to mark the routes of this VPN with special tags. And send the route to the P router Receive all routes on the P router and send them to specific VPN PE devices according to the community attribute in the route VPF method In a VPF, the RT export rules are used when advertising routes. Send directly to other PE equipment On the PE at the receiving end, receive all routes and check according to the RT import rules configured for each VPN. If it matches the RT attribute in the route, add the route to the corresponding VPN Conclusion In this article, <mpls vpn architecture-3> I will introduce the second problem of traditional VPNs-the problem of routing propagation in the network. Two identical routes are spread in the network. How to distinguish the receiver; if you want to know what the RD value is, be sure to check it out If you desire to pass the Cisco exams and looking for the most reliable and clear to understand the material so, now it is very easy for you to get it at SPOTO. We are presenting you here the most up-to-date questions & answers of Cisco exams, accurate according to the updated exam. Note: if you are interested in this topic, and you can follow SPOTO. we will update more realted articles. Related Article: MPLS VPN Architecture-1

In the year 2003, two Amazon engineers have come up with an idea to use the company’s existing computing infrastructure as a platform for offering their consumers standardized, automated web services. Fourteen years later, Amazon Web Services (AWS) has now become the world’s largest cloud computing platform, boasting over a million customers and $10 billion in their annual revenue. And despite the recent growth of cloud-based competitors like the Google Cloud and Microsoft Azure, AWS would be still standing in commands nearly 40 percent of the cloud computing market share, more than its three leading competitors collectively. So, it is natural, the candidates would be attracted towards it, if you too are one of them, do check out the courses offered at SPOTO Club, to ease up your study part. Location, Location, Location Despite its relatively humble beginnings, AWS would have grown to be the worldwide leader in cloud computing. It would be now operating 44 availability zones within 16 geographic regions across the globe. There are also 14 more availability zones in the works, along with five more regions, which would be including China. So whatever your geographic preference, AWS would be able to cover it. Automated Multi-Region Backups AWS would be offering various backup methods which would be including AMIs and EBS snapshots. And the decentralized nature as well as the global reach of AWS makes it easy and also affordable to store critical information in multiple geographic locations. So if your primary production environment would be taken offline due to a natural or manmade disaster, the backup data wouldn’t be affected. And third-party services would be able to simplify the process even further, allowing businesses to automatically schedule the backups across AWS regions without the need for in-house scripting. Consistency & Reliability While AWS is considered to be an extremely useful platform for backups as well as disaster recovery, it is also considered to be extremely reliable. Despite a high-profile outage earlier this year, an independent review has been found that since 2015, AWS would have been far better at maintaining its cloud service than Google or Microsoft. It has been also found out that 40 percent of the platform’s total downtime during the same time period would be tied to a single outage. Simple Automated Scheduling Another one of the multiple reasons for choosing AWS is the ability to start as well as stop various instances at predetermined times. For example, the ability to schedule services like the EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) and RDS (Relational Database Service) means that they won’t have to run during off-hours or weekends. Customization But the flexibility of AWS wouldn’t be stopped there. The platform would be also allowing a high level of customization to meet the needs of individual businesses. For example, customer-defined tagging allows users for easily monitoring and managing resources. From cost tracking and security to organization as well as automation, there’s virtually no limit to why or how the customizable AWS tags could be utilized. Security Whether you’re a miniature one-man startup or an enterprise-level giant, AWS would be offering the same level of world-class security. The company’s data centers would be maintaining the highest standards, which would be saving you from the headache of having to secure your own facilities. AWS would also be managing dozens of compliance programs in its infrastructure and an extensive security support network that could be offering real-time insight on the suspicious activity as well as potential vulnerabilities. Thus, after reading all that, you would have known why AWS is considered as the best. If you wish to make a career in IT Sector, AWS would be the best certification for you. Also, it is not a child’s play to acquire it, you’ll have to go through rigorous training like that offered at the SPOTO Club.